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Modern Reference in Television Laguage Art Cartoons Movies Song Lyrics That Are About Medusa

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The 19th-century statue of Athena, in front of the Austrian Parliament Building, illustrates "myth fill[ing] in where history failed" to provide an appropriate local personification of the political ascent of the Parliament over the power of Emperor Franz Joseph ( r. 1848–1916).[1]

Pegasus has often appeared on airmail stamps, such as this early instance from Italy, 1930.

The champion Thoroughbred horse, Poseidon, had 11 wins as a three-year-old racer. In Greek mythology, the god Poseidon was credited with the creation of horses.[2]

Elements of Greek mythology announced many times in culture, including pop civilisation.[3] [ demand quotation to verify ] The Greek myths spread beyond the Hellenistic world when adopted (for case) into the culture of aboriginal Rome, and Western cultural movements have frequently incorporated them ever since,[iv] particularly since the Renaissance.[v] Mythological elements feature in Renaissance fine art and in English poems,[half-dozen] as well as in film and in other literature,[7] and in songs and commercials.[viii] Along with the Bible and the classics-saturated works of Shakespeare, the myths of Hellenic republic and Rome accept been the major "touchstone" in Western culture for the past 500 years.[ix] [ demand quotation to verify ]

Elements appropriated or incorporated include the gods of varying stature, humans, demigods, titans, giants, monsters, nymphs, and famed locations. Their use can range from a brief innuendo to the employ of an actual Greek grapheme as a character in a work. Many types of creatures—such as centaurs and nymphs—are used every bit a generic type rather than individuated characters out of myth.

Use by governments and public institutions [edit]

A coin featuring the contour of Hera on one face up and Zeus on the other, c. 210 Ac

Roman conquerors of the Hellenic East immune the incorporation of existing Greek mythological figures such every bit Zeus into their coinage in places like Phrygia, in order to "augment the fame" of the locality, while "creating a stronger ceremonious identity" without "advertising" the imposition of Roman culture.[10]

In the 21st century CE, the initial Greek 2-Euro coin featured the myth of Zeus and Europa, and sought to connect the new Europe to the ancient culture of Greece.[11] As of December  2012[update] the European Central Bank had plans to incorporate Greek mythological figures into the designs used on its bank notes.[12]

In 1795 the American colonial revolutionary Thomas Greenleaf titled his New York newspaper The Argus [13] afterwards the mythological watchman; Greenleaf adopted the slogan "We Guard the Rights of Homo".[xiv] [ need quotation to verify ]

The figure of Pegasus appears frequently on stamps, especially on those used for air post.[15] In 1906, Greece issued a series of stamps featuring stories from the life of Hercules.[16] Australia commemorated the laying of an underwater cable linking the Australian mainland to the island of Tasmania with a stamp featuring an prototype of Amphitrite.[17]

The United States military has drawn on Greek mythology to name equipment such as the Nike missile project.[18] The U.s. Navy has commissioned over a dozen ships named from Greek mythology. The ships include:[nineteen] [20] [21] [22]

  • USS Castor (AKS-1);
  • USS Nereus (AC-10) and (1863);
  • USS Arethusa (AO-7);
  • USS Prometheus (1814) and (AR-3);
  • USS Jason (1862), (Air conditioning-12);
  • USS Galatea (1863) and (SP-714);
  • USS Medusa (AR-1) and (1869);
  • USS Triton (YT-10);
  • USS Amphitrite (BM-2);
  • USS Iris (1847), (1863), (1869), and (1885).

Greek mythology has provided names for a number of ships in the British navy. Such ships include:[23] [24] [25]

  • HMS Phaeton (1782)
  • HMS Arethusa (1781)
  • HMS Amphion (1798)
  • HMS Alcmene (1794)
  • HMS Argus (I49)

The Imperial Australian Navy continued this tradition;[26] [27] it likewise has a training facility in Victoria called HMAS Cerebus.[28]

The Regal New Zealand Navy inherited Greek mythological names from the Imperial Navy: it operated HMNZS Achilles and maintains the base of operations HMNZS Philomel.

The Canadair CP-107 Argus of the Royal Canadian Air Forcefulness is named in honour both of the hundred-eyed Argus Panoptes (the "all seeing") and of Odysseus' dog Argus - the only one to place Odysseus upon his render domicile.[29]

Governments and institutions worldwide make use of mythological abstractions such equally Dike/Iustitia (Justice) in grand public buildings. Museums, libraries and fine art galleries may feature sculptures and images referencing classical Muses.

In science and technology [edit]

The Apollo sixteen lunar module on the moon

The elements tantalum and niobium are e'er found together in nature, and have been named afterwards the Rex Tantalus and his daughter Niobe.[30] [31] The element promethium also draws its proper noun from Greek mythology,[thirty] [31] as does titanium, which was named after the titans who in mythology were locked away far surreptitious, which reflected the difficulty of extracting titanium from ore.[32]

Oceanographer Jacques-Yves Cousteau named his research ship, a former British Imperial Navy minesweeper, RV Calypso after the body of water nymph Calypso.[33] The transport subsequently inspired the John Denver song "Calypso".[34]

The Trojan Equus caballus, a seemingly benign gift that allowed entrance by a malicious force, gave its proper noun to the computer hacking methodology chosen Trojans.[35]

Biological science and medicine [edit]

The medical profession is symbolized by the serpent-entwined staff of the god of medicine, Asclepius. Today's medical professionals hold a similarly honored position as did the healer-priests of Asclepius.[36]

The Gaia hypothesis proposes that organisms interact with their inorganic surroundings on Earth to form a self-regulating, complex system that contributes to maintaining the conditions for life on the planet. The hypothesis was formulated past the scientist James Lovelock[37] and co-developed by the microbiologist Lynn Margulis[38] and was named after Gaia, the mother of the Greek gods.[39]

Astronomy and astrology [edit]

Many celestial bodies have been named afterwards elements of Greek mythology.

  • The constellation of Scorpius represents the scorpion that attacked Hercules and the scorpions that frighted the horses when Phaëton was driving the sunday-chariot.
  • The constellation of Capricorn may stand for Pan in a myth that tells of his escape from Typhon past jumping into the h2o while turning into an animal - the one-half in the h2o turned into a fish and the other half turned into a goat.[forty]
  • 1108 Demeter, a main-belt asteroid discovered past Karl Reinmuth on May 31, 1929, is named later on the Greek goddess of fruitful soil and agronomics.[41]
  • The U.S. Apollo Space Program to take astronauts to the moon, was named subsequently Apollo, based on the god'due south ability as an archer to hit his target[42] and existence the god of low-cal and knowledge.[43]

[edit]

In psychoanalytic theory, the term "Oedipus circuitous", coined by Sigmund Freud, denotes the emotions and ideas that the mind keeps in the unconscious, via dynamic repression, that concentrate upon a kid's want to sexually possess his/her mother, and kill his/her father.[44] [45] In his later writings Freud postulated an equivalent Oedipus situation for infant girls, the sexual fixation being on the father. Though non advocated by Freud himself, the term 'Electra complex' is sometimes used in this context.[46]

A "Medea complex" is sometimes used to describe parents who murder or otherwise harm their children.[47]

In film and tv set [edit]

A director providing instructions to actors during a film production of the story of Orpheus

Television [edit]

  • The Battlestar Galactica franchise (particularly the 2004 television series)[48] developed from concepts that utilized Greek mythology.[49]
  • Heroes is a series that plays on the concept of the new generation of gods overthrowing the old.[fifty]
  • The television series Lost uses Greek mythology, primarily in its online Lost Experience.[48]
  • The telly Hercules: The Legendary Journeys and its spin-off Xena: Warrior Princess are gear up in a fantasy version of ancient Hellenic republic and play with the legends, rewriting and updating them for a modern audience. [51] [52] [53]
  • The use of Greek mythology in children's television shows is credited with helping to bring "the great symbols of globe literature and art" to a mass audience of children who would otherwise have limited exposure.[54] Children'southward programming has included items such equally a recurring segment on CKLW-TV[ clarification needed ] where Don Kolke would be dressed up as Hercules and talk over fitness and Greek mythology.[55]
  • Netflix's original blithe Television set serial Blood of Zeus featured Greek gods and goddess such every bit Hermes; it premiered on 27 Oct 2020.

Moving picture [edit]

A 15th century depiction of Amazons in boxing armor

  • Amazons, prior to their appearance in American Hollywood films where they have been presented in "swimsuit-style costume without armor" and "western lingerie combined with various styles of 'tough' male" clothing, had been traditionally depicted in classical Greek warrior armor.[56]
  • Jean Cocteau regarded Orpheus as "his myth," and used information technology as the basis for many projects, including Orphée.[57]
  • The film Orfeu Negro is Marcel Camus' reworking of the Cocteau film.[57]
  • The 2001 moving-picture show Moulin Rouge! is besides based on the Orpheus story,[58] but set in 1899, and containing modern pop music.[59]
  • The Disney production of Hercules (1997) was inspired past Greek myths, but "greatly modernizes the narrative" as it goes "to smashing lengths to spice up its mythic materials with wacky one-act and cheerfully anachronistic dialogue," which, Keith Booker says, is playing a part in the "wearisome erosion of historical sense."[60] Moreover, though the moving picture depicts Greek mythology, the title grapheme is named afterwards the Roman hero, rather than the Greek "Heracles".

In games [edit]

Tabletop roleplaying games [edit]

  • Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd Edition Age of Heroes Campaign Sourcebook (1994).
  • Dungeons & Dragons HWR3: The Milenian Empire (1992). A Greek-inspired state within the Hollow Globe setting.
  • Dungeons & Dragons Mythic Odysseys of Theros (2020). Based on the Greek-inspired Theros setting from the Magic: The Gathering collectible card game.

Video games [edit]

  • The 1988 arcade game Altered Beast is set in Ancient Greece and follows a thespian graphic symbol resurrected by Zeus to rescue his daughter Athena from the ruler of the underworld, Neff.
  • The 1996 video game Wrath of the Gods is an risk game set in mythical Greece, including an educational component where players can larn about Greek myths and history and see images of Greek fine art in cutting-a-ways.[61]
  • The 2006 game Persona 3 includes many personae based on mythical Greek figures, using Tartarus in particular as the game's main dungeon.
  • In 2003, GameSpy remarked that the 1986 video game Child Icarus follows a trajectory similar to its namesake, Icarus, who had escaped imprisonment when his male parent created wings from feathers and wax.[62] The same could be said of the sequel, Kid Icarus: Uprising.
  • The God of War franchise of video games is loosely based on Greek mythology, with the master character being named afterwards Kratos (though not the aforementioned character).[63] The video game Kratos is a warrior from Sparta and the son of King of the Greek Gods, Zeus and is the personification of power. The series follows Kratos, who initially serves the Gods and later becomes a God himself merely later goes on a path of vengeance against them after they betray and endeavor to kill him.
  • Koei Tecmo's Warriors Orochi 4 follows a theme of mythology, and is set with combination betwixt Asian Mythology, three kingdoms era, Japanese Warring States menses, and Greek Mythology. Characters of this game are also focused in Greek Mythology, such as Zeus, Athena, Perseus, and Ares.[64]
  • The Ubisoft game Assassin'due south Creed Odyssey is set up in the mythological history of the Peloponnesian State of war. The game features a DLC pack titled "Fate of Atlantis" in which Hermes appears, revealing himself to be a member of the precursor race, the Isu.
  • The 2020 game Hades incorporates gods and other figures of Greek mythology into narrative as a "dysfunctional family", which the player learns as they guide their graphic symbol Zagreus to leave his father Hades and boxing out of the underworld with the aid of the other Olympian gods.[65]
  • In the 2002 Ensemble Studios game Age of Mythology, Greek mythology plays a large role. The Greek culture can apply creatures from Greek mythology such as the cyclopses, chimeras, and centaurs in combat, and worship twelve different Greek gods such as Ares, Poseidon, or Hephaestus, gaining different advantages depending on the chosen god. The main campaign, which centers around an original grapheme named Arkantos, features figures from many Greek mythological tales, with Chiron and Ajax playing the greatest roles among the Greek heroes.[66] [67]

Sports [edit]

  • Atalanta, Italian football club, took its name from the Greek heroine Atalanta. In addition, the club's crest depicts the confront of the heroine.[68]

In marketing [edit]

  • Corporations have used images and concepts from Greek mythology in their logos and in specific advertisements.
  • The wine Semeli is named after Semele, who was the female parent of the god of wine Dionysus, cartoon on the associations to give the product brownie.[69]
  • The sports apparel company Nike, Inc. is named subsequently the Greek goddess of victory.[lxx]
  • TriStar Pictures, Readers Assimilate,[71] and Mobil Oil have used the Pegasus as their corporate logos.[72]

In painting and sculpture [edit]

Specially starting in the Renaissance, artists across Europe produced thousands of works of art depicting the Greek deities and their myths, for reasons ranging from the erudite to the political to the erotic. In particular, in sure periods it was permissible to depict infidel deities nude when information technology would have been scandalous to so depict a human model or character.

Romans would frequently continue statuary of the Greek god Dionysus, the Greek god of wine and pleasure, in their homes to use as a method of sanctioning relaxation without "any intellectual demands."[73]

Medusa's likeness has been featured by numerous artists including Leonardo da Vinci, Peter Paul Rubens, Pablo Picasso, Auguste Rodin and Benvenuto Cellini.[74]

  • The myth of the titan Cronus eating his children was the subject of works by Rubens (shown here) and Francisco de Goya.[75]

In literature [edit]

Percy Shelley's piece of work translating the poem Prometheus Unbound (depicted hither past Joseph Severn) also helped inspire Mary Shelley to write Frankenstein; or, The Mod Prometheus

Some stories in the Arabian Nights, such as the story of Sinbad blinding a giant, are idea to accept been inspired past Greek myths.[76]

In 1816, Percy Shelley had been working on a translation of Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound for Lord Byron.[77] That summertime, Shelley and his lover, Mary Godwin, as well as others, stayed with Lord Byron in Switzerland. Every bit a competition, Byron suggested that they each write a ghost story. Mary, who would eventually adopt the name Mary Shelley, began writing her Gothic novel Frankenstein; or, The Mod Prometheus, which was alleged the winner of the contest.[78] [79] The fact that she overtly subtitled the novel emphasizes Shelley's inspiration from the story of Prometheus, drawing particular attending to the "metaphorical parallels."[fourscore]

In Irish literature, writers such every bit Seamus Heaney have used the Greek myths to "intertextualize" the actions of the British Authorities.[81]

Andrew Lang rewrote the tale of Perseus as the anonymous "The Terrible Head" in The Blueish Fairy Book.[82]

In C. S. Lewis'south retelling of Cupid and Psyche, Till Nosotros Have Faces, the narrator is Psyche'south sis.[83]

Roberta Gellis's Shimmering Splendor is a retelling of Cupid and Psyche.[84] [ unreliable source? ]

In poetry [edit]

A draft of the Keat'south poem Endymion.

The Italian poet Dante Alighieri used characters from the fable of Troy in his Divine One-act, placing the Greek heroes in hell to show his antipathy for their actions.[ix] Poets of the Renaissance began to widely write about Greek mythology, and "elicited every bit much praise for borrowing or reworking" such textile every bit they did for truly original work.[9] The poet John Milton used figures from classical mythology to "farther Christianity: to teach a Christian moral or illustrate a Christian virtue."[9] [85] Euphrosyne, Hymen and Hebe announced in his L'Allegro.[86] Works of Alexander Pope, such as "The Rape of the Lock", parody classical works, even as the income from his translations of Homer allowed him to become "the first English language writer to earn a living solely through his literature."[ix]

In Ode to a Nightingale, John Keats rejects "charioted by Bacchus and his pards."[87] In his verse form "Endymion", the "vocal of the Indian Maid" recounts how "Bacchus and his crew" interrupted the maid in her solitude.[88] He titled an 1898 narrative poem Lamia.[89]

Alfred, Lord Tennyson's "Oenone" is her lament that Paris deserted her for Helen.[90]

When poets of the German Romantic tradition, such every bit Friedrich Schiller, wrote about the Greek gods, their works were frequently "erotically charged," equally they were "openly sensual and hedonistic."[91]

In "The Waste product Land", T. Southward. Eliot incorporates a range of elements and inspirations from Greek mythology to pop music to Elizabethan history to create a "tour-de-force exposition of Western civilization, from the aristocracy to the folk to the utterly primitive."[92] The work of Indian poet Henry Louis Vivian Derozio was heavily influenced by Greek mythology.[93]

Nina Kosman published a book of poems inspired past Greek myths created past poets of the twentieth century from effectually the earth which she intended to show not only the "immovability" of the stories but how they are interpreted by "modern sensibility."[94]

In theatre [edit]

  • The Fortunate Isles and Their Marriage is a Jacobean era masque, written by Ben Jonson and designed past Inigo Jones, which was start performed on January 9, 1625.[95]
  • In William Shakespeare'southward Macbeth, Hecate appears equally the queen of witches, uniquely placing the Anglo-Saxon witches under a Greek goddess'southward control.[96] Hymen appears as a graphic symbol name in Shakespeare'due south As You lot Like It.[97]
  • In 1903, Hugo von Hofmannsthal adopted Sophocles' version of the story of Electra for the stage. Hofmannsthal adjusted his work to become the libretto for Richard Strauss' opera Elekra in 1909. The opera, although controversial for both its "modern" music and its depiction of Elektra[98] through "psycho-sexual symbolism,"[99] inspired many more adaptations of Electra by other writers and composers during the twentieth century.[100]
  • Sartre and Jean Anouilh used Greek myths as inspiration for their plays during the Nazi occupation of France, as the "distancing effect" of the ancient settings allowed their critique to featherbed censors.[8] Later, Heiner Müller also used the coding of Greek mythology to disguise his commentaries calling for reform within the High german Democratic Republic.[101]
  • The Architects (2012) is a play by the London-based Shunts predicated on the myth of the Minotaur, and is about a "return to when Greece was the cradle of civilisation and not about riots on the streets."[102]
  • The 2016 stage musical Hadestown, a production with music past Anais Mitchell, follows the stories of Orpheus and Eurydice every bit well every bit Hades and Persephone. The show premiered Off-Broadway in 2016, ran at the National Theatre in London in 2018, and premiered on Broadway at the Walter Kerr Theatre in March 2019.[103]

In children's and young-adult literature [edit]

The Midas myth, from Nathaniel Hawthorne's A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys. Illustration by Walter Crane, published 1893.

The rainbow effect frequently seen at Niagara Falls had inspired the use of "Iris", the goddess of the rainbow, for local geographical features

Hydra the Revenge roller coaster

  • In the 19th century, Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote children'due south versions of the Greek myths,[104] which he intended to "entirely revolutionize the whole system of juvenile literature."[105] His work, along with the works of Bulfinch and Kingsley, have been credited with "recast[ing] Greek mythology into a genteel Victorian subject.[105]"
  • The Percy Jackson & the Olympians series by Rick Riordan imagines that the Light-green gods continue to conceive demigods in the modern age; the titular Percy Jackson is a son of Poseidon.[106] Riordan created the character when trying to help his son, who has ADHD and dyslexia, get interested in reading. In the stories, Percy's learning disabilites are a event of his heritage, thus Riordan used Greek mythology "as it has always been used: to explain something that is difficult to empathise."[107] Riordan continues exploring Classical mythology in his subsequent series The Heroes of Olympus and The Trials of Apollo, the latter told from the perspective of [[Apollo}the titular god]].

In comics and graphic novels [edit]

  • In the opera within Girl Genius, the Heterodyne daughter who falls in honey with the Storm Rex is Euphrosynia.[108]
  • The Amazon queen Hippolyta was used equally the mother of Wonder Woman in DC Comics.[109]
  • In 2016 the French philosopher Luc Ferry launched the comic book serial La Sagesse des mythes (The Wisdom of the Myths), which retells the Greek myths in a popular form but informed by modern scholarship.

In geography, compages, and other constructions [edit]

  • At Niagara Falls, the Bridal Veil Falls had previously been chosen Iris Falls,[110] and Goat Island had previously been chosen Iris Island[111] as namesakes of the Greek goddess of the rainbow, Iris, because of the rainbow effects that appear in the mists at the falls.[112] A local paper which was published from 1846-1854 was also called The Iris, and the publication The Daily Iris became the Bingham Daily Republican.[113]
  • Iapetus Ocean and Rheic Ocean are the names given to the proto-Atlantic Ocean.[114] [ clarification needed ]
  • Francisco de Orellana gave the Amazon river its name after reporting pitched battles with tribes of female warriors, whom he likened to the Amazons.[115]
  • The original interior of the Glyptothek, the commencement public sculpture museum, was adorned with frescoes of Norse mythology by Peter Cornelius and his students which provided a "lively dialogue" betwixt the building and its contents. When the building was repaired afterwards war-time damage, the frescoes were non restored.[116]
  • Brookside, as well known equally the John H. Bass Mansion, has the Muses decorating the ceiling around the skylight in its ballroom.[117] In Philadelphia, the Masonic Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania's Corinthian Hall is decorated with feathers to Greek mythology.[118]
  • The MGR Samadhi Memorial in Chennai, Republic of india, was redecorated in 2012 to include a pegasus,[119] which symbolized "valour and free energy."[120]
  • Hydra the Revenge is a Bolliger & Mabillard designed floorless roller coaster at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom in Allentown, Pennsylvania with a Lernaean Hydra theme. The name of the ride pays tribute to the "Hercules" wooden roller coaster that once stood on the same spot. The theme itself is the Hydra coming back to life and seeking revenge over Hercules.[121]

In music [edit]

  • According to some sources, Caribbean area Calypso music is named later the Greek nymph Calypso, though this is not universally accepted.[122]
  • Musical parodist Peter Schickele created the opera Iphigenia in Brooklyn by P D Q Bach, in which Iphigenia has traveled to the New Earth.[123] [124]
  • Heavy metallic band Slough Feg included two songs, written by the band and influenced by Homer's Odyssey, on their 2005 album Atavism.[125]
  • The Greek myths have been the inspiration for a number of operas. Claudio Monteverdi and Giacomo Badoaro used a Greek text near the homecoming of Odysseus as the basis for Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria over which they attempted to overlay Christian behavior and create in Zeus an omnipotent and merciful beingness.[126] Cherubini's Médée takes the story which had been portrayed in many version on the French phase as a melodrama, and instead portrays Medea as a tragic heroine who deserves the audiences' sympathy.[126]
  • Bob Dylan'due south 2020 song "Female parent of Muses" is studded with references to Greek mythology.[127]
  • "The End" past The Doors : Oedipus

Rejection of apply [edit]

During the Middle Ages, writers disdained the apply of "heathen" influences such as Greek mythology which were seen to be a "slight to Christianity."[9] From a electric current cultural perspective, the Greek Orthodox metropolitan Agustinos Kantiotis has denounced the apply of Greek mythology such equally the utilize of Hermes on a postage postage stamp and the incorporation of images from Greek mythology into universities' logos and buildings.[128]

Within the cultures of Latin America, beginning in the 19th Century, the inspiration for culture has been dominated past elements from the Native American cultural myths, rather than those of the Greco-Roman inspiration.[five]

Greek women poets of the mod era; such as Maria Polydouri, Pavlina Pamboudi, Myrtiotissa, Melissanthi and Rita Boumi-Pappa; rarely use mythological references, which Christopher Robinson attributes to the "trouble of gender roles, both inside and outside the myths."[129]

Martin Wintertime says that the idea that many commentaries about the widespread apply of Greek myths throughout Western civilisation does not have into business relationship the vast departure between what a modern viewer takes from the story and what information technology would accept meant to an ancient Greek.[130]

See also [edit]

  • Achilles#Achilles in subsequently art
  • Ares in popular culture
  • Apollo#Modern reception
  • Centaurs in popular culture
  • Circe in pop culture
  • Cultural depictions of Medusa and Gorgons
  • Hades in popular culture
  • Harpy#Harpies in pop culture
  • Hephaestus in popular culture
  • Hercules in popular culture
  • Iphigenia#A modern viewpoint
  • Iris (mythology)#Fictional adaptations
  • Jason in popular culture
  • Maenad#References in modern culture
  • Morpheus (mythology)#Appearances
  • Muses in popular civilization
  • Pan in popular civilisation
  • Paris (mythology)#After treatments
  • Pegasus in pop culture
  • Persephone in pop culture
  • Philoctetes#Modern depictions
  • Proteus in pop culture
  • Titans in pop culture

References [edit]

Explanatory notes [edit]

Citations [edit]

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  3. ^ Roger D. Woodard, ed. (2007-eleven-12). The Cambridge Companion to Greek Mythology. Cambridge Academy Press. ISBN9780521845205 . Retrieved xv Dec 2012.
  4. ^ Burn, Lucilla (1990). Greek Myths . University of Texas Printing. pp. 75–. ISBN9780292727489 . Retrieved xix December 2012.
  5. ^ a b Fong, Timothy P. (2008-04-30). Ethnic Studies Research: Approaches and Perspectives. Rowman Altamira. pp. 281–. ISBN9780759111424 . Retrieved xix Dec 2012.
  6. ^ Batchelor, Stephen (2011-02-fifteen). The Ancient Greeks For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN9781119998143 . Retrieved xiv December 2012.
  7. ^ Garland, Robert (2008-12-30). Daily Life of the Ancient Greeks. ABC-CLIO. pp. 306–. ISBN9780313358159 . Retrieved 13 Dec 2012.
  8. ^ a b Clark, Matthew (2012-03-02). Exploring Greek Myth. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 148–. ISBN9781444362138 . Retrieved 20 December 2012.
  9. ^ a b c d eastward f Osborn, Kevin; Burgess, Dana (1998). The Complete Idiot'southward Guide to Classical Mythology. Penguin. p. 270. ISBN9780028623856 . Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  10. ^ Katsari, Constantina; Lightfoot, Christopher South; Özme, Adil (2013-01-30). The Amorium Mint and the Money Finds: Amorium Reports 4. Akademie Verlag. pp. 38–. ISBN9783050058283 . Retrieved xviii May 2013.
  11. ^ Morales, Helen (2007-08-23). Classical Mythology: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 27–. ISBN9780192804761 . Retrieved 24 December 2012.
  12. ^ "Cold, hard greenbacks may soon be dead & buried". The Budapest Times. 6 December 2012. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 18 Dec 2012.
  13. ^ Bernhard, Jim (2007). "Myth-ellaneous". Porcupine, Petty, & Mail service: How Newspapers Get Their Names. Columbia, Missouri: Academy of Missouri Press. p. 113. ISBN9780826266019 . Retrieved 14 Nov 2021. Undeterred by Argus's checky reputation as a vigilant guardian, Thomas Greenleaf founded the New York Argus in 1795 [...].
  14. ^ Young, Alfred F.; Nash, Gary B.; Ray Raphael, Ray (2011). Revolutionary Founders: Rebels, Radicals, and Reformers in the Making of the Nation (First ed.). New York, N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN978-0307-27110-5.
  15. ^ The Classical Earth. Classical Association of the Atlantic States. 1952.
  16. ^ New England Stamp Monthly. 1913. pp. 35–.
  17. ^ Boy Scouts of America (July 1936). Boys' Life. Boy Scouts of America, Inc. pp. 46–. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
  18. ^ Berhow, Mark (2012-09-eighteen). US Strategic and Defensive Missile Systems 1950-2004. Osprey Publishing. pp. xviii–. ISBN9781782004363 . Retrieved 20 Apr 2013.
  19. ^ Neeser 1921
  20. ^ Urwin 2002
  21. ^ Urwin, Gregory J. Due west. (2002). Facing Fearful Odds: The Siege of Wake Island. University of Nebraska Printing. pp. 13–. ISBN9780803295629 . Retrieved 16 Dec 2012.
  22. ^ Neeser, Robert Wilden (1921). Ship Names of the United States Navy: Their Meaning and Origin. Moffat, M and Company. pp. 16–. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  23. ^ Bishop and Chant 2004; Brown and White 2006)
  24. ^ Brown, Anthony Gary; White, Colin (2006). The Patrick O'Brian Muster Book: Persons, Animals, Ships And Cannon in the Aubrey-Maturin Body of water Novels. McFarland. pp. 28–. ISBN9780786424825 . Retrieved 16 December 2012. (relates the fictional world of Patrick O'Brian to actual names - including those of ships - in the Royal Navy)
  25. ^ Bishop, Chris; Chant, Chris (2004-10-15). Aircraft Carriers: The Earth's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Shipping. Zenith Banner. pp. 48–. ISBN9780760320051 . Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  26. ^ Run across: HMAS Psyche.
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